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20½Chapter1:Spokenlanguageasalinguisticphenomenon
BIBER(1988:37),face-to-faceconversationshouldbeperceivedastypical
speechandinformationalexpositionastypicalwriting.
1.3.2Listofthedifferences
Ingeneral,thedifferencesbetweenwrittenandspokenlanguagecanbe
describedfromthreeperspectives:linguistic(whichcanbefurthersubdivided
intoquantitativeandnon-quantitativeapproaches),situationalandfunctional
(BIBER,1988).However,theywillnotbediscussedindetail,sincetheprimary
aimofthechapteristoserveasadescriptionofthelanguageusedin
thecorpus(seeChapter4).Thus,onlyasummaryofthedifferencesbetween
thetwomodeswillbepresented.2
Aswasnotedatthebeginningofsection1.3.1,anumberofstudies,whose
primarygoalwastodiscussfeaturesthatcouldbeusedfordifferentiating
betweenthetwomodes,werecarriedout.Whileanumberofdifferent
approacheswereadoptedand,consequently,theresultsdifferfromoneanother,
somegeneralconclusionscanneverthelessbeinferred.Inparticular,itis
generallyclaimedthatspokenlanguage:3
•islessstructurallycomplexandelaboratethanwriting(BIBER,1988:47;see
alsoPOOLEandFIELD,1976:309fortheoppositeview),whichisindicated
bysuchfeaturesasagreateruseoffiniteverbsandlesserofabstractnouns
(DEVITO,1967;citedinAKINNASO,1982:101),theuseofshorterwords
(i.e.lessfrequentuseofpolysyllabicwordsthaninwriting),lessfrequent
useofattributiveadjectivesandtheuseofalessvariedvocabulary
(AKINNASO,1982:100;BLASSandSIEGMAN,1975:20;KRAMSCH,1998:39),
lessfrequentuseofcomplexnominalstructures,complexverbconstructions,
subordinateconstructionsandthepassivevoice(DEVITO,1967;OCHS,1979;
CHAFE,1982;allcitedinAKINNASO,1982:104;GOLUB,1969;citedinPOOLE
andFIELD,1976:310;TANNEN,1982:7;BLASSandSIEGMAN,1975:21;FOX,
1987:137),lessfrequentuseofparticiplesfunctioningasnounsandverb
nominalizations,lessfrequentuseofgenitivesubjectsandobjects,conjoined
phrasesandsequencesofprepositionalphrases,lesseruseofrelativeand
2Obviousdifferences,suchasphonetic/graphicmanifestation(perceptionbyears/eyes)will
notbementioned.
3MostofthedescriptionhererelatestospokenandwrittenEnglish,butagreatdealof
suchdifferencesseemtobeuniversalandthuscharacteristicofmanylanguages,includingPolish.
ThereforeitcanbesaidthatmostofsuchfeaturescharacterizetheinformalspokenPolishusedin
thecorpus.