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TomaszWaliszewski
archaeologically.ThesameappliestoLebanon
andJordan,wherethenumberofexcavated
examplesdoesnotexceedtenrespectively.
IsraelandthePalestinianAuthorityare
theonlyexceptioninthispicturewith
dozensoutofhundredsinstallationshaving
beenstudiedandprovidingimportant
stratigraphicalobservationspairedwith
astudyofassociatedmaterial.Beingless
expensiveandtimeconsumingasameans
ofacquiringdata,surveysweremuchmore
widespread,althoughregionaldifferences
remainsignificant.TheLimestoneMassif
isanexampleofanextensive,although
notoverlysystematicsurveycarriedoutby
FrencharchaeologistsinSyria,startingwith
GeogesTchalenkoandgoingonwithOlivier
CallotandGeorgesTate,andthemostrecent
workbyGerardCharpentierinSerjillaand
itsvicinity.
Anextensiveprogramofarchaeological
prospectionfosteredbytheDepartment
ofAntiquitiesofJordanhasalsoyielded
amultitudeofexamples,althoughperhaps
notasmanyascouldbeexpectedowing
tolong-lastingsecondaryuseofpressing
elementsaswellasrapidlyprogressing
urbanizationandindustrializationofcertain
areas.Somepressesandtheirelementswere
identifiedduringanextensivesurveyofthe
northernregionsofJordan,alimitedsurvey
ofthePellahinterland,andprospections
oftheWadiZarqaregionandtheWadiel-
Hasaproject(Mittmann1970;Watson2004;
Canevaetalii2001;MacDonald1988;see
Catalogbelow).Themostcomprehensive
informationisavailablethroughJADIS
(JordanAntiquitiesDatabaseandInformation
System),adatabasecontainingmorethan
10,000recordsonarchaeologicalsitesin
Jordan,developedinthe1990sandgathering
allavailabledatafromseveralsources.
Thesystemisnowsupplementedbythe
MiddleEasternGeodatabaseforAntiquities
(MEGA).JADISprovidedafewdozenoil
presses,whichcallforreinterpretationin
somecases(seeCatalogbelow).
ArchaeologicalsurveysinIsraelandthe
PalestinianAuthorityduringthelast40years
haveundoubtedlycontributedthemosttothe
studyofoilproductioninantiquity.Ofallthe
projectsduringthisperiod,theArchaeological
SurveyofIsraelshouldbementionedforemost.
TheterritoryofIsraelandthePalestinian
Authoritywasdividedinto267squares
andinvestigatedseparately.Duetoobvious
politicalobstacles,fewofthesesquarescouldbe
exploredproperlyinthePalestinianAuthority,
comparedtotheatleast30squaresfromIsrael
thathavealreadybeenpublishedoratleast
surveyed(see
http://www.antiquities.org.il/
survey/newmap_en.asp).Mostofthepublished
squarescontaininformationaboutoilpresses.
Otherextensivesurveyshavetobementioned
aswellinviewoftheirimportanceforastudy
oftheoilindustryinantiquity:theSouthern
PhoeniciaandWesternPalestinesurveyby
RafaelFrankel’steam,JaulansurveyedbyDan
UrmanandcompletedbyChaimBen-David,
theSamariasurveybyShimonDar,mostof
theworkdonein1970sand1980s(Frankel
etalii2001;Urman1985;Dar1986;small
noticesandreportspublishedbytheIsrael
AntiquitiesAuthorityinHadashotArkheologiyot
[ExcavationsandSurveysinIsrael]).
Abriefcommentisinorderregarding
surveymethodologyanddatainterpretation.
Firstly,thenatureofsomeoftheinstallations,
like
the
rock-cut
simple
presses,
was
multifunctionalinalllikelihood,thusdefying
anyeffortsatobtainingstatisticaldataonoil
productioninantiquity.33Representativeness
ofsurveydataistheotherissueasitisbeyond
questionthatonlyafractionofinstallations
operatinginantiquityhavesurvivedtobe
documentedinmodernresearchforwhatever
reason.Consequently,statisticalapproachesto
theoilindustryasawholeshouldbetreated
withcautionandusedmerelyasanillustration
oftrends.Lastbutnotleast,prospectiondoes
notprovidereliabledataforchronological
considerations.Inthecaseofoilinstallations,
surfacecollectionsofpotterycanmerely
indicateageneraltimeframefortheoccupation
³³ForthisreasonthesimpleinstallationsmentionedbyLamiael-KhouryintheregionbetweenCapitolias,PellaandJerashhave
beenexcludedfromthelistofoilinstallationsinJordan(Khoury2009:60,188,Fig.7).
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PAMMonographSeries6
