Treść książki

Przejdź do opcji czytnikaPrzejdź do nawigacjiPrzejdź do informacjiPrzejdź do stopki
18
CHAPTERONE
jargons,makingtheprocessofcommunicationeasierfortheinterlocutor.Thefunc-
tionalapproachenablesthecommunicatorstostudythestylesofcommunication
indifferentcultures.
TheExplanatoryApproach
Theexplanatory(interpretive)approachwasalsoputintopracticeinthe1980s.
Itclaimsthattheworldsurroundingapersonisnotalientohim,asitiscreated
byhumanbeliefs(Crawford1987).Inthecourseofactivity,apersonacquires
asubjectiveexperienceincommunicatingwithrepresentativesofdifferentcul-
tures.Duetothesubjectivityofthehumanexperience,behaviourisunpredictable
andthusitisimpossibletoinfluenceit.Theobjectiveoftheexplanatoryapproach
liesinunderstandinganddescribinghumanbehaviour,ratherthanpredictingit.
Adherentsoftheexplanatoryapproachviewcultureasthehumanenvironment
createdandchangedthroughcommunication(Hyun2009).Inthisapproach,lin-
guisticandanthropologicalmethodsareused:role-playinggames,observation,
etc.Interculturalcommunicationresearchbasedontheexplanatoryapproachled
totheconclusionthatcommunicativerulesofanycommunityarebasedonthe
culturalvaluesandviewsofthatcommunity.
TheExperientialLearningApproach
Interculturallearningimpliesexperientiallearning.Itisnotsufficienttoreadbooks
orlistentolecturesonthetopicofculture,asthiswouldbeaddressingitonapurely
cognitiveandintellectuallevel.Itisnecessaryforanindividualtoexperience
newandunknownsituations,alongwiththeassociatedfeelingsofinsecurityand
security,fearandtrust,rejection,sympathyandempathy.Itisalsonecessaryto
learnfromandwithpeoplefromothercultures.Itmeansmovingfromconcrete
experiencetoobservationandreflectiononthatexperience.Theseobservations
andreflectionsareassimilatedintoatheoryfromwhichnewimplicationsforaction
arededuced.
TheCulturalCriticalityApproach
Accordingtotheculturalcriticalityapproach,differencesbetweenculturesare
potentialbarriersthatareofgreatimportanceinteachinginterculturalcommuni-
cation.Theadvocatesofthisapproachspeakinsupportoflearningtobridgethe
inevitableculturalgap(Whorf1956).Thatiswhyimportanceisgiventostudying
theconditionsofcommunication:situations,environment,etc.Adherentsofthis
approachareinterestedprimarilyinthehistoriccontextofcommunication.In
theirresearch,theyproceedfromthefactthatcommunicationalwaysinvolves
relationsofpower.Theterm"criticality”herereferstothecriticalorvitaldiffer-
encesbetweendifferentculturesthatmightleadtoaculturalbreakdown.Fromthis
viewpoint,communicationisperceivedasabattlefield,theplacewherenumer-
ousexplanationsandinterpretationsofculturalphenomenagathertogetherand