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DawidRogacz
ingthemintooneutopia,attheturnofwhichhebelievedhimselftobeliv-
ing.Noearlierthaninthe1940sdidMaodistinguishbetweentheCmini-
mum)andtheCmaximum)programoftheCommunists.However,eventhen,
hetendedtoidentifythehistoricalminimumwithNewDemocracyandthe
maximumprogramofhistoricaldevelopmentwithbothsocialismandcom-
munism.38Thisundifferentiatedfutureutopiaisdescribedasthemostcom-
plete,progressive,revolutionaryandrationalsysteminhumanhistory,39and
itssocietyasthemostufulfilled(美满meiman),joyful(愉快yukuai)and
happy(幸福xingfu)society”,thathasnothingtoworryabout.40AsKnight
accuratelyobserves,
ItisinstructivethatlackingamongstthecharacteristicsofMao)sfuturesociety
isthequalityofpersonalindividualliberty(ł).ItisalsoinstructivethatMao)s
commentsonthefuturesocietyaregenerallylackinginreferencetoanytech-
nologicalsophisticationorautomation(ł)Hisvisionforthefutureduringthe
Yan)anperiodwascouchedlargelyintermsrecognizableasderivingfromtradi-
tionalChineseculturewhichemphasizedpeaceandharmonyratherthaneco-
nomicdevelopmentortechnologicalsophistication.41
Asaresult,earlyMaofailedtodemonstratehowthefutureepochwould
growoutofthecontradictionsofthepresentera.Thetransitionfromthe
secondepochtothethirdoneremainedessentiallyundialectical,asinthe
caseofthesuccessionoftheprimitivesocietywiththelaterclasssystem.
Withoutthiseconomicskeleton,hisvisionboremoresimilaritiestotheview
ofFrenchutopiansocialists(andKangYouwei)thantotheideasofKarl
Marx,which,besides,werenotquotedinanyoftheabove-citedpassages.
Thisnotwithstanding,Maowasconfidentabouttheuinevitablecourse
ofhistory”anditsudefinitesocialtendency”42:uthegeneraltendencyofhis-
38SeeMaoZedongji7:175,9:222.Maoemphasizesthateachprogramoperateswith
adifferentphilosophyofhistory:thedemocraticprogramofSunYat-sen(孫中山,1866-
-1925)withahumanist(民生minsheng)viewofhistory,whichiseitherdualistoropenly
idealist,whereastheCommunistsholdtotheprinciplesofdialecticalandhistoricalmate-
rialism.
39MaoZedongji7:172.
40MaoZedongji5:318.
41Knight,op.cit.,186-187.
42MaoZedongji6:222.
