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10Introduction
conceptsandplanningofactions.However,alltheseactsshouldbe
madeinasolitudeandindeepconcentration,withinsightintothe
selfandmind.Thisistherealityofcontemplation.Itisnotmeditation;
however,themeditationisthefirststepofacontemplativeact.
Meditationhasmanymeanings(seechapter2ofthisbook).To
defineitwecantakeinspirationsfromChristianity,Buddhismand
philosophy,asforexamplestoicism.
MeditationinChristianityisconnectedwithcontemplativepraying.
Whilepraying,ourbodyshouldberelaxedandcalmbutH…inwardly
alert.Therootofprayerisinteriorsilence”(Keating2002:136).
Anothermeaningisconnectedwithdiscursivemeditation,whensome
topicsarereflecteduponandsomelessonsaredrawnfrommeditation
toputlaterintopractice(ibid.:22).
TheteachingofBuddhismcouldinspireustoseemeditationasrather
aconcentrationonsomeHpoints”,whethertheywillbemantras,some
importantwords,orbreaths.Theawarenessofbeinghereandnowis
astateofmindthatproducessomespiritualconsequences.ZenBuddhism
doesnotexplainwhatshouldwethinkaboutorwhataretheconsequences
ofmeditation-generallyHsitting”(zazen)iswithoutanygoal,itisHjust
sitting”.Thisistheactofmeditationwithoutanobject.Weexperience
inpracticethemindandbodyandnatureasitisintheeverydayHlife-
world”,andwhatwegetisexperientialknowledge(Nagatomo2017).The
practiceismoreimportantthantheory.Whilesittingwithastraightbody
andobservingourbreathwearejustawareofwhatisgoingonaround
us;however,wedonotconceptualizeitandwedonotcomparewhat
weseewithanythingfromthepast.Ourpreassumptions,habits,and
stereotypesarenotimportant.Weobservetheworldasitis.Therefore,
weovercomeourdualisticperceptionoftheworldandwesuspendour
judgments(ibid.).TheideaofonenessisunderlinedinmanyschoolsofZen
Buddhism.Interconnectednessisalinguisticexpressionthatgiveshints
howdualisticthinkingcouldbereplaced(Nhat1999,1976).Thereisthe
problemofindividualself,whichisfundamentallyrefused(byresignation
fromtheconcept)inZenpractice.TheHI”canberealizedonlywhenwe
differentiatetheHnotI”,butIisnotinvokedbyHnotI”;ifwerefusethis
distinctionthereisstilltheHI”thathasdoneso.Therefore,Buddhism
resignsfromtheconceptofHI”,concentratingratheronrealexperiences
ofthehereandnow,insteadofinvokingaconceptthatobscuresliving
experiences.Hence,Buddhistmeditationclearsthefieldofobservation
basedonego-logicaldistortions.
Thus,meditationcouldbeanintroductiontocontemplation.The
latterisalsoconnected,intheLatinlanguage,withthemeaningof
aclearplaceforworship.So,wecanfollowthissuggestionandindicate